managerial accounting :: essays research papers

The executives bookkeeping is worried about the arrangement and utilization of bookkeeping data to directors inside associations, to encourage the chiefs in their dynamic and the board control capacities. In contrast to monetary bookkeeping data (which, generally, is made openly accessible), the board bookkeeping data is utilized inside an association and is normally private. (Jiambalvo) The differentiation among conventional and imaginative administration bookkeeping practices can be represented by reference to cost control strategies. Generally, the board accountants’ chief cost control strategy was fluctuation examination, which is an efficient way to deal with the correlation of the real and planned expenses of the crude materials and work utilized during a creation period. While some type of difference examination is as yet utilized by most assembling firms, it these days will in general be utilized related to inventive strategies, for example, lifecycle costing and action based costing, which are structured with explicit parts of the cutting edge business condition at the top of the priority list. Lifecycle costing perceives that managers’ capacity to impact the expense of assembling an item is at its most prominent when the item is still at the structure phase of its item lifecycle (i.e., before the plan has been finished and creation initiated), since little changes to the item configuration may prompt critical reserve funds in the expense of assembling the item. Movement based costing perceives that, in current plants, most assembling costs are dictated by the measure of ‘activities’ (e.g., the quantity of creation runs every month, and the measure of creation gear inert time) and that the way to powerful cost control is thusly advancing the effectiveness of these exercises. Both lifecycle costing and movement based costing perceive that, in the commonplace present day plant, the shirking of troublesome occasions, (for example, machine breakdowns and quality control disappointments) is of far more prominent significance than (for instance) diminishing the expenses of crude materials.

Freudian Analysis of Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursewor

Freudian Analysis of Hamlet   As a kid, Shakespeare’s Hamlet had encountered the hottest friendship for his mom, and this, as is generally along these lines, had contained the components of a hidden suggestive quality, still more so in earliest stages. The nearness of two characteristics in the Queen's character accord with this presumption, in particular her especially exotic nature and her energetic affection for her child. The previous is demonstrated in such a large number of spots in the play to require explicit reference, and is commonly perceived. The last is additionally show: Claudius says for example (79), The Queen his mom lives nearly by his looks. In any case Hamlet seems to have with pretty much achievement weaned himself from her and to have become hopelessly enamored with Ophelia. The exact idea of his unique inclination for Ophelia is somewhat dark. We may expect that at any rate partially it was made out of an ordinary love for an imminent lady of the hour, however the luxury of the langu age utilized (the energetic requirement for outright assurance, and so on.) proposes a to some degree sullen mood. There are signs that even here the impact of the old fascination for the mother is as yet endeavoring. Albeit a few journalists, following Goethe, see in ophelia numerous qualities of likeness to the Queen, maybe similarly as striking are the characteristics appearing differently in relation to those of the Queen. [...] Presently comes the dad's demise and the mother's subsequent marriage. The relationship of the possibility of sexuality with his mom, covered since outset, can never again be hidden from his awareness. As Bradley well says: Her child had to find in her activity a shocking shallowness of feeling, however an emission of coarse exotic nature, 'rank and gross,' speeding quickly to its terrible delight... ...d in proceeding to subdue the previous he should endeavor to overlook, to approve, and if conceivable even overlook the latter;his moral destiny is bound up with his uncle's for acceptable or sick. In actuality his uncle fuses the most profound and most covered piece of his own character, so he can't slaughter him without additionally executing himself. This arrangement, one intently similar to what Freud has demonstrated to be the rationale of self destruction in depression, is really the one that Hamlet at last embraces. The course of exchange activity and inaction that he leaves on, and the incitements he provides for his dubious uncle, can prompt no opposite end than to his own ruin and, unexpectedly, to that of his uncle. Just when he has made the last penance and carried himself to the entryway of death is sans he to satisfy his obligation, to retaliate for his dad, and to kill his other self †his uncle.     

Signs Your Teen May Have an Eating Disorder

Signs Your Teen May Have an Eating Disorder Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Signs Your Teen May Have an Eating Disorder By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 30, 2020 PhotoStock-Israel / Cultura / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Eating disorders frequently emerge during adolescence but often, the symptoms aren’t what parents might expect. Unfortunately, many eating disorders go undetected and untreated because parents don’t recognize the warning signs. Learning how to spot the subtle warning signs of an eating disorder could help you catch a problem early. Early intervention is key to addressing an eating disorder effectively. Be on the lookout for the following warning signs that could indicate your teen may have an eating disorder: 1. Body Insecurity While all teens can be a little self-conscious at one time or another, serious body image issues can be a more serious problem. If your teen says she’s fat or she complains about being ugly, take note. Her harsh self-criticism could lead to an eating disorder. 2. Skips Meals If your teen frequently makes excuses--like saying he already ate at a friend’s house--he may be skipping meals. Crash dieting and fasting can be a precursor to an eating disorder. 3. Excessive Exercise Sometimes teens try to compensate for their food intake with excessive exercise. Spending hours each day engaging in a cardiovascular activity or weight lifting can become an unhealthy obsession. 4. Picky Eating Disordered eating often starts with picky eating habits. A teen who stops eating entire food groups or one who eats the same things for every meal may be on the path to a serious eating disorder. 5. Disappears After Meals A teen with bulimia may make a fast exit after meals. In an effort to compensate for the calories that have been consumed, teens with bulimia may force themselves to vomit or they may use laxatives. 6. Wears Baggy Clothes To disguise weight loss, a teen may wear clothes that are several sizes too big. If your teen hides under layers of clothes, especially when the temperature doesn’t call for it, take notice. 7. Stashes Food in the Bedroom While it’s not unusual for a teen to have a snack or two in the bedroom, teens with eating disorders may stash large amounts of food. Empty boxes or wrappers or large quantities of food may be a sign of binge eating. 8. Cooking Big Meals for Others Quite often, teens with anorexia want to be around food, even though they don’t want to eat. They may spend a lot of time researching recipes and preparing food to gain vicarious pleasure from watching others eat. 9. Avoids Eating in Public It’s common for teens with eating disorders to have a phobia about eating in public. They may refuse to eat in restaurants, cafeterias, or at family gatherings. 10. Feels Cold All the Time Teens with little body fat are likely to be cold all the time. If your teen complains she’s freezing, or she just can’t seem to get warm, it could be because she’s underweight. 11. Dry Skin Skin problems are common in teens with eating disorders. Dehydration often accompanies bulimia and anorexia. Additionally, be on the lookout for calluses on the knuckles which are often the first signs that a teen may be inducing vomiting. 12. Swollen Cheeks Purging causes swollen salivary glands, which causes the cheeks to look puffy. Swollen cheeks may happen at any stage of an eating disorder. 13. Rigid Eating Habits While it’s good to check food labels, teens who are extremely rigid may have a problem. Be on the lookout if your teen obsesses over ingredients, as behavior often gets more restrictive over time. Get Your Teen Checked Out If you see warning signs of a potential eating disorder, talk to your teen’s doctor. A complete physical exam will be an important part of the assessment. If your pediatrician suspects your teen may have an eating disorder, you will likely be referred to a mental health professional for further assessment and treatment.

Essay on Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero - 623 Words

Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero Shakespeares Macbeth follows the journey of nobleman Macbeth that starts with him as Thane of Glamis and ends with him as King of Scotland. Macbeth is a tragic hero because he possesses all the traits that Aristotle outlined in his poetics. He said that the tragic hero must be a man that is higher than mortal worth, but has tragic flaws. Aristotle also stated that the flaws will lead to great suffering and usually death; the cause being fate. The flaws that lead to Macbeths degeneration are his sense of ambition, his reliance on the prophecies and his influence and manipulation by Lady Macbeth. These flaws cause the downfall of Macbeth, which evokes both pity and fear in the†¦show more content†¦After the murder, his desire, or ambition to keep his throne leads him to kill his best friend Banquo because the witches prediction that Banquos son would become king. He also kills Macduffs family because he believes that he a danger to his crown. This murder proves to be his most fatal error. Macbeth is a nobleman and a warrior and therefore, it is important for him to be manly in front of everyone, which is why he is insecure about his manhood. Lady Macbeth plays on this insecurity and is able to control Macbeth through this manipulation. She challenges his manhood when he decides not to kill Duncan, saying When you durst do it, then you were a man (I, 7, 54). This pushes Macbeth to kill the King. Lady Macbeth also challenged his manhood when he sees Banquos ghost, saying that if he were a real man, the sight of a ghost would not bother him. ...regard him not--Are you a man? (III, 4, 69) Macbeths reliance on the prophecies was another important factor in the decline of his character. If it were not for the witches telling Macbeth that he would be King, he may have remained his honorable and loyal self. The prophecies aroused his ambition and start the corruption of his character. The second apparition that was given to Macbeth makes him feel as though he is invincible because the apparition states that no man born of woman could harm him, but it was a half truth because they also told him that he shouldShow MoreRelatedEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth is a Tragic Hero956 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is a Tragic Hero  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares tragic hero is a man of noble birth who falls from a position of honor and respect due to a flaw in his character. He freely chooses a course of action which ultimately causes him suffering and brings him to a fatal end.(Campbell 129) Macbeth is the epitome of a tragic hero who rises high then falls rock bottom to his death. Macbeth, once a noble man, follows the advice of witches, finds himself King, abuses his power and then gets killedRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in Willian Shakespeares Macbeth2662 Words   |  11 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in Willian Shakespeares Macbeth Two and a half thousand years ago, Aristotle defined a tragedy as an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude. Two thousand years later, Shakespeare reincarnated this and other classical principles in the form of his four great tragedies; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. Aristotle laid down some elements which he and other classical theorists seemed to think necessaryRead More Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero Essay examples872 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth as Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle defined a tragic character is a man who â€Å"falls into misfortune through some flaw. (Grube, 5) Shakespeares tragic hero is a man who falls from his position of honor and respect due to a flaw in character and ultimately arrives at a fatal end. (Nostbakken, 2) Macbeth is an epitome of a tragic hero. He had a good nature, but was driven by greed and a quest for power. Macbeth had been a military hero,   loved and praised by the people, but his blind ambitionRead MoreEssay about Shakespeares Macbeth is a Tragic Hero1762 Words   |  8 PagesMacbeth is a Tragic Hero In many respects Macbeth, of Shakespeare’s play Macbeth is the least admirable tragic hero of literature. Typical tragic heroes have at least a few admirable character traits. One may, or may not like the hero, but there is something in their characters or their situation on which one can hang some sympathy, even if there is not enough for us to rationalize away their actions. But Macbeth is a mass murderer, who does away with friends, colleagues, womenRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth as a Tragic Hero1087 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero According to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, The best tragic plot moves the hero from prosperity to misfortune, occasioned not by depravity, but by some great mistake he makes. The plot of Macbeth follows these basic guidelines; throughout the play we follow the path of the main character as his life is torn apart as a result of the colossal mistake he makes when he kills Duncan. It is for this and the many ensuing reasons that we can say that Macbeth accuratelyRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth - The Tragic Hero717 Words   |  3 PagesMacbeth - The Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Every true Elizabethan Tragedy comes complete with a tragic hero.   The tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, has a perfect example of a tragic hero, otherwise known as Macbeth.   A tragic hero must be a man who is great and admirable in various ways.   He should be placed in society in such a way that everything he does affects all of the members of his society.   A tragic hero should at some point reach the top of Fortune’s Wheel, but land upRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth is a Tragic Hero1170 Words   |  5 Pagesaccount to create as much of an impact as possible on the reader or the audience. Macbeth, for example, is about one man, Macbeth who does what he thinks is necessary to become king but dies tragically due to his judgement. In this play, Shakespeare communicates how Macbeths destiny can be changed depending on how he deals with his predicted future, in other words, his fate versus his free will. Macbeth makes many foolish decisions throughout his life like believing evil and supernaturalRead More Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero Essay680 Words   |  3 PagesMacbeth as Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   A tragic hero is usually a person of high esteem or social ranking cursed with a flaw or obsession that will eventually lead to their demise. Macbeth is a tragic hero. Examining the events that occur as Macbeth travels the typical path of a tragic hero easily supports this claim.    Before Macbeth is even introduced to the audience, Duncan and Ross speak of his greatness. When it is discovered that the Thane of Cawdor has surrendered, Duncan decides to giveRead More Aristotles Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples1044 Words   |  5 PagesAristotles Tragic Hero in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle and Shakespeare lived ages apart, but Aristotle had a great affect on Shakespeares plays. In Shakespeare’s tragic play, Macbeth, the character of Macbeth is consistent with Aristotles definition of the tragic hero.    Aristotles tragic hero is a man who is characterized by good and evil. He is a mixture of good characteristics and bad characteristics. For example, Macbeth was an honorable Thane of Glamis. He was a valiant fighterRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play The play ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare charts the rise and fall of the Scottish general Macbeth, through a tale of treachery, deceit and death. First performed in 1606 ‘Macbeth’ is inspired by a story of the Scottish monarchy. A tragic hero is one who at the outset is not wholly good or bad but has a character fault that causes them to make tragic mistakes resulting in their eventual downfall. ‘Macbeth’ is a renaissance

The Number One Article on Common Gre Essay Topics

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Critical Study of The NHS breast screening programme Free Essays

Introduction The NHS Breast Screening Programme began in 1988 and was set up by the Department of Health in response to the recommendations of a working group, chaired by Professor Sir Patrick Forrest. The report Breast Cancer Screening was published in 1986, and popularly known as The Forrest Report. NHSBSP began inviting women for screening in 1988 and started covering nationally in the mid 1990s. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study of The NHS breast screening programme or any similar topic only for you Order Now A report by the Department of Health Advisory Committee published in 1991 suggested that the programme would save 1,250 lives each year by 2010(Breast Cancer Screening 1991: Evidence and Experience since the Forrest Report, Department of Health Advisory Committee, NHS Breast Screening Programme 1991).The NHS Breast Screening Programme is an effective part of the UK’s efforts to reduce the death toll from breast cancer. In September 2000, research was published which demonstrated that the screening programme had lowered mortality rates from breast cancer in the 55-69 age group. Early detection of breast cancer is an important factor in improving breast cancer survival. Breast screening is an opportunity for early detection of breast cancer. In 2010, research shows that benefits from screening mammography outweigh the harm in over diagnosis. . Between 2 and 2.5 lives are saved for every over diagnosed case. The aim of this essay is to critically analyse and evaluate the pathway through breast services with the relevant departments. Pathway through the Breast services Women registered with the General Practitioner, aged between 50 and 70 years old are routinely invited for breast screening at their local breast screening unit, it could be hospital based or in a mobile trailer. An invitation is sent once every three years. Women over 70 years old will not receive an invitation but they are encouraged to make their appointment for the breast screening programme. Enclosed in the invitation is a leaflet about the facts about the screening programme.The author finds the leaflet very helpful because it has a lot of facts about the breast screening programme, and its benefits. The leaflet sent is written in English. There is an available format with this leaflet from large print in English; for women who do not speak English as their first language, the leaflet is also available in other languages such as Arabic, Bengali, Cantonese, Polish, Punjabi and Urdu. It is even available in Braille format and a DVD for British sign language. The Department of H ealth Cancer Reform strategy announced that effective on 2012 the NHSBSP would be extending the invitation to women aged between 47 and 73 years old. The author visited a mobile breast screening unit, based in the breast screening department car park. There were 55 patients booked on that day. There were two women who did not attend their appointment. The author observed that the unit was very relaxing despite the very busy list. Background music was playing while women waited for their mammograms to be performed. Music has been very successful in distracting patient’s attention from pain (Hawthorn and Redmond, 1998). The author strongly agrees with Hawthorn and Redmond that music helps in distracting ones attention from pain. One woman made a comment that music helped her relaxed since it was her first breast screening and the woman was very anxious and a little bit nervous. When a woman arrives for breast screening appointment, the radiographer will then greet the woman. The radiographer will check the woman’s personal details and reviews the questionnaire answered by the woman. In the x-ray room, the radiographer will explain the whole procedure such as the need of compression during the examination. The radiographer will answer all the woman’s questions before carrying out the examination. Giving proper applied compression is very important in producing a good mammography image (Bassett and Hendrick, 1994). Basett and Hendrick (1994) recommended that to give proper compression the radiographer should let women know the importance of compression, and inform when it is about to be initiated, it also should be done slowly and until the skin of the breast is tight without causing pain. After the mammogram, the woman was then given a leaflet for further information about the result of the examination, a contact number for inquiries and more i nformation and it also states that there is a possibility for a recall for assessment. The aim of breast screening assessment is to identify the abnormality found in the screening mammograms. If there is abnormality found, further tests are then needed. Testing for breast cancer should include a clinical examination, breast imaging, fine needle aspiration or core biopsy. These three tests are called triple assessment. Women recalled for further assessment from the breast screening, around one in six to have cancer (NHSBSP Pocket Guide, 2008). The assessment clinics have breast care nurses that help women during assessment or women who are diagnosed to have breast cancer. Breast care nurse gives advice, support and information. According to the Breast Cancer Care and Royal College of Nursing, the key role of the breast care nurse during the treatment pathway is to give information and emotional support. They give information about treatments, options and what to expect during the entire treatment (Breast Cancer Care and Royal College of Nursing December, 2004). The author strongly believes that having a breast care nurse is crucially important to women who are undergoing treatment. It would make their life a bit easier during treatment because someone is there to listen and help them throughout. The author asked a woman on how helpful the breast care nurse during the treatment pathway, and the woman said that her treatment would be totally different without the help of the breast care nurse. The breast care nurse has helpe d the woman from the day she was recalled for further assessments from breast screening. The breast care nurse has given her a lot emotional support and has given her a lot of information during the treatment journey. The woman is extremely glad that someone is there to listen to all her worries during tough times. The author visited an assessment clinic and observed the flow of the clinic that day. The author observed a woman recalled for assessment. The mammograms were read by two consultant radiologist. Double reading has been practiced in the breast screening programme. The opinion of the author is that having two readings is more effective than just having a single reading. Research shows that double reading may boost the number of cancers detected by some 9 to 15 percent (Brown et al, 1996). However, around 13% of the health service costs happen during the breast screening assessment (Clark and Fraser, 1996). The author visited a busy assessment clinic; one the cases observed was that the reporting radiologists have found in the mammogram a calcification in the upper inner quadrant of the left breast that is why the woman was recalled for further tests. Additional views were suggested specifically, left lateral and left magnification views. After the additional views were done, the woman went to the examination room and the radiologist explained the suspected abnormality found in the mammograms and further imaging required to confirm or exclude any abnormality. After hearing out the Consultant Radiologist’s explanation regarding examinations needed during the visit, the woman got so anxious and stressed out. The breast care nurse was there to give support in these times. A woman scheduled for breast biopsy procedures suffers anxiety about the result of their diagnostic procedures. The author believes that breast care nurse plays a very important role in the assessment team. Preoperative nurses have special ways in providing quality nursing care for patients waiting for breast biopsy procedures and their definitive diagnosis (Deane, 1997). The woman had a clinical examination; Stereotactic guide biopsy with specimen radiography was performed. The radiologist took five flecks of representative calcification and was sent to the pathology department for analysis . Result will be ready for the multi-disciplinary team for review in two days. According to the clinical guidelines for breast screening cancer assessment, women who will have further tests should have their results discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting. There are two routine outcomes for assessment; the woman will still be invited for the breast screening programme or the woman will have further treatment (NHSBSP, Publication 49). The author visited a â€Å"one stop breast clinic† at a local breast care unit. Most patients were referred by their GP and there was a patient referred from breast screening assessment. A specialist should see GP referrals or referrals from the breast screening unit within two weeks from referral. Cancer reform strategy 2007 announced that in December 2009, all patients referred to a specialist with breast symptoms even if cancer is not suspected should be seen within two weeks of referral (DOH, 2007). The clinic had a mixture of patients. There were new referrals from the GP, follow up appointments from previous treatment and follow up for results of tests. The clinic had a consultant breast surgeon, registrar, breast care nurses, consultant radiologist, radiographer, and consultant pathologist, consultant oncologist. They are referred as the breast care team. The Surgical guidelines for the management of breast cancer, Association of Breast Surgery, BASO 2009 states that i t is now widely accepted that breast care team should be provided by breast specialists in each discipline and that multidisciplinary team form the basis for best practice. â€Å"One Stop Clinic† is similar to the assessment clinic for women recalled from breast screening. The author observed that triple assessments were done just like women recalled for further assessment from breast screening and these tests are based on clinical examination, breast imaging, fine needle aspiration or core biopsy. Men who have suspected breast cancer will have the same investigations (NICE guidelines, 2009). The author’s opinion, it is important that every woman or man referred to a Consultant Breast Surgeon should have triple assessment, if possible for accurate diagnosis and should be done at the same visit. â€Å"Routine use of triple assessment can increase the speed and accuracy and reduce the cost of diagnosis. When the three tests give consistent results, a definite positive or negative diagnosis can be given 99% of the time. Thus minimises the need for open biopsy, thus preventing unnecessary surgery and reducing anxiety (NICE, 2009).† National Institute for Clinical Excellence suggested that the triple assessment should be available to patients with suspected breast cancer at a single visit (NICE, 2009). The author observed another woman in the outpatient clinic, a woman referred from breast screening that had shown in the mammograms clusters of micro calcification in the right breast. Core biopsy was done during her first visit in the assessment unit and in which turned out to be breast cancer. The woman’s case was reviewed with the Multidisciplinary team and further treatment was recommended. The woman was so anxious, and felt so hopeless but with the help of the breast care nurse to give support and advice, the woman felt a little better. Treatment was discussed during the visit. Another woman referred by the GP complaining on having breast lumps. The Consultant surgeon reviewed the woman’s notes before bringing the woman into the room. After reviewing the notes, the breast care nurse then brought the woman in for clinical examination. The surgeon thoroughly examined the woman’s breast. The surgeon then wrote down an imaging request form with its clinical indications for a Mammogram. The author then accompanied the woman to the Mammography Section of the Breast Unit and was then met by the radiographer. The radiographer then explained the examination, like how many views to take, and the need to compress both breast and informed the woman might feel a little bit uncomfortable. The author has observed that the radiographer have explained very well about what happens during the whole examination. Good communication between a radiographer and patients is an important factor. The author visited the Pathology department and observed what happens in the department. NHSBSP uses triple approach, known as triple assessment. Having a fine needle aspiration or breast core biopsy is part of the triple assessment. Fine needle aspiration entails placing a very thin needle inside the mass and extracting cells for microscopic evaluation. The samples are then smeared on a microscope slide and allowed to dry in air and fixed by spraying, or immersed in a liquid. The fixed smears are then stained and examined by a pathologist under the microscope. According to Bateman (2006), fine needle aspiration is the fastest and easiest method of breast biopsy, and the results are rapidly available, fine needle aspiration cannot distinguish between in situ and invasive carcinoma. Core biopsies are samples of cells are taken from the lump or area of abnormality using a needle. It can be performed under local anaesthesia in the outpatient setting. The sample will be sent to the Pathology department. The Consultant Pathologist will evaluate the sample. The accurate diagnosis of breast cancer and the pathological assessment of breast cancer tissue are big responsibilities by pathologists working within the field of breast disease. It is very important to distinguish the pathological changes of benign breast disease from those of early and established breast cancer. Once cancer is confirmed, the pathologist is required to provide an evaluation of the pathological features determining prognosis and the requirement for further treatment (Bateman, 2006). The author has realized that diagnosing a breast cancer relies on the pathological assessment of the breast cancer tissues and that the Consultant pathologist plays a very important role in giving the diagnosis accurately and the pathological assessment of the breast cancer tissue. The consultant pathologist is responsible in establishing the pathological assessment of the breast cancer tissue. The author’s opinion is that excellent histological diagnosis plays a very important p art to breast cancer staging and management. Woman diagnosed with breast cancer picked up from breast screening should be under the care of the Multidisciplinary team. There are some factors that they need to be considered on what treatment is best. The consultants will consider the stage and grade of cancer, health, and whether the woman has been through menopause. Different methods define the stage of cancer; the TNM system of staging describes the tumour size, number of affected lymph nodes, and what extent the cancer has spread (breakthrough). When treating cancer, the breast consultant will discuss on what treatment is best for the patient. Before an operation is done, the surgeon will talk to the woman concerned about the best surgery that should take place for the woman’s case. According to the BASO surgical guidelines (2009), surgery should only be performed by a specialist who specialize breast diseases and who performs surgery of at least 30 cases per year The NHS Cancer Plan sets a maximum of one month wait from the date of diagnosis. Women diagnosed with breast cancer are given their first treatment within 2 months of an urgent GP referral or women who came from breast screening. Surgery is often the first treatment for breast cancer to remove cancerous tissues, and to find out if the lymph nodes are affected. Surgery is usually the first line of attack against breast cancer. A range of operations should be available. If the cancer is not too large or diffuse, surgical options include mastectomy and breast conserving surgery. In such cases the choice should be made jointly by the surgeon and the patient, who should be fully informed of all opinions and their potential risks, benefits and implications for further treatment (NICE, 2002). Before the operation, patient will be seen by a member of the breast surgical team for a pre-admission appointment. The patient will stay overnight to prepare her for the operation the next day. Surgical considerations are; wide local excision is the removal of the breast tumor and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it. The breast is left intact with less disfigurement. Sentinel lymph node biopsy involves a tiny incision in the axilla and removing one to four lymph nodes, before having this surgery, radioactive tracer is injected two to twenty-four hours prior to surgery. When patient is already under general anaesthesia, blue dye will then be injected around the areola. Both radioactive tracer and the blue dye will help in identifying the sentinel lymph nodes during the operation, once they are identified the consultant breast surgeon will then remove it and sentinel lymph nodes are sent to the pathology department for analysis. Axillary clearance takes place if the sentinel lymph nodes are affected by cancer the consultant breast surgeon will remove the entire lymph glands in the axilla. If cancer cells are found in the sentinel lymph nodes patients are given another operation in about two weeks time or after the pathology report is available. The second operation involves the removal of further lymph nodes in the axilla. Research shows that 20, 000 women who will undergo sentinel node biopsy will be spared from unnecessary breast cancer surgery each year ( Goyal and Mansel, 2008). According to Professor Mansel, ninety two percent of women who had sentinel node biopsy had a quick recovery and they were able to do their normal activities after three months compared to women who had a conventional operation and also they only stayed one night at the hospital compared to four nights. Under the written breast local guidelines, a woman who has had surgery of the breast should be identified on which adjuvant treatment should be given consideration(BASO,2009.). Adjuvant treatment includes radiation therapy, endocrine therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy. Radiation therapy is needed to the remaining breast tissues after an operation. It is often used in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy to shrink the size of the tumour before removing it. Radiation therapy to the breast is a localised treatment. The target is directly aimed to the cancer. It uses high-energy rays to stop cancer cells from spreading and growing. It is often used to destroy remaining breast cancer cells in the breast, chest wall, or axilla. The oncologist may suggest treatment in a specific area; it could be the breast alone, axilla and supraclavicular area. The author visited the Radiation Therapy and observedwhat happens in the department. The author observed that for the patient’s first appointment will be a planning session in the planning CT scanner or in a stimulator. This is not formal consultation. The main purpose of this first visit it to plan and arrange the radiation therapy. The author observed a woman for her first appointme nt. The woman’s breast cancer was detected through breast screening. When the woman arrived for her first appointment, the woman was asked for her details and appointment card then she was then told by the receptionist to go to the stimulator. The stimulator is where the planning takes place. This stage helps the consultant oncologist to target the specific area for treatment. Measurements are measured accurately and ink marks are marked on the patient’s skin for the accurate target. This stage helps the consultant oncologist to target the specific area for treatment. After all accurate measurements are recorded the next stage would be treatment. The radiographers are not in the room with the patient although they are equipped with video camera and intercom so they can see and hear the patient in the treatment room at all times. The Radiation therapy team consist of radiographers, physicist and oncologists. The author observed that the unit is very busy and not enoug h staff for a very busy unit. The author asked the radiographer about patient waiting during the visit and the specialist radiographer said that it is quite difficult to judge how long each patient will take and also to get start the radiation therapy process, there is a long wait for appointment for radiation therapy. Patient can get an appointment as long as three months. According to Dr Michael Williams , vice president of the Royal College of Radiologists, in The Telegraph article, he said current waiting times were â€Å"simply not acceptable†. There are shortage of radiographers and radiation therapy units. The author believes that if the government invests and expands the coverage for radiation therapy units in various places in the United Kingdom then waiting time will be reduced and patient anxiety will lessen. The oncology unit provides a wide range of services such as clinical and support services. The breast care team in this unit includes a consultant oncologist, two breast care nurses, clinical oncology assistant, and nursing team. The breast care team work closely together with the radiology department at the local NHS hospital to ensure that patients are given the multidisciplinary approach. Patients with breast cancer are given a holistic service in their battle with breast cancer. There is a 24 hour emergency contact number for patients undergoing chemotherapy. The breast care nurses in this unit are always ready to respond to patients needs and concerns during their treatment. After treatment for breast cancer, women should have a care plan with the GP or a Specialist to detect local recurrence or side effects of any treatment the woman has had. A written care plan should be made for every woman diagnosed with breast cancer. Dates of review for any adjuvant therapy, details of surveillance mammography, and contact details for any urgent referral to a specialist and support services should be in the care plan. Copies are given to the general practitioner and to the woman (NICE, 2009.) Breast care service does not end after having treatment. After treatment, women are given follow ups and are offered yearly mammography. Women who are part of the NHSBSP are given yearly screening for five years and will have the routine screening every three years after that. Conclusion The author has learned and gained a lot of knowledge through this essay. Research and visits to various departments that are part of the pathway through breast care services has been extremely educational and helpful in the author’s profession as a radiographer. The pathway through breast services with the relevant departments work really hard as a team. Each individual who is part of the pathway is very dedicated, committed and has the understanding to women undergoing breast screening and to women fighting with breast cancer. The experience that the author had with all the research and visits is very valuable; it made the author become a better radiographer and has gained the motivation to pursue Post Graduate Award in Mammography. It has given the author to put into practice all the experiences learned from Consultants, nurses and patients during the department visits. As a future mammographer, it has instilled in the author’s mind and heart that high quality standar ds should be carried out at all times, it is vital to follow the quality assurance guidelines for radiographers to be able to give a first class service. NHSBSP was established in 1988. In the last 22 yrs since NHSBSP has started its service for breast screening to women in England, between 50 to 70 years old every three years, over 100,000 women had their breast cancer detected in this programme. The author therefore concludes that the programme is a vital factor in detecting early stage of breast cancer and it definitely does save many lives. The author would like to thank the people behind the NHSBSP for their commitment and effort to make this programme a success, job well done! The author wishes continued success with this programme. From 1988 up to the present, there have been a lot of changes with NHSBSP, like in 2008; the government invested ?100 million in digital mammography equipment throughout the NHS and also the programme will expand its age group between 47- 73 years old in 2012. Therefore, the author concludes that with these changes, a lot of women will benefit more and will be given the best service and with the latest technology there is to offer in the pathway through breast services. Through the years, breast care awareness has increased rapidly with the help of the NHS Breast Screening Programme. â€Å"Be Breast Aware† leaflets from the NHS Cancer screening programme is available and it gives a lot of information on how to be become aware of the changes of the breasts , what normal breasts feels like, and what changes you need to look out for .A lot of women nowadays even men are breast aware with the help NHSBSP campaign. It is essential to be breast aware before it is too late in the detection of any breast diseases. The author agrees with the facts, research, studies and department visits gathered together, the author concludes that having routine breast screening definitely helps in detecting early stage of breast cancer. The author would like to extend a big heartfelt thank you to the breast care team and to all those individuals who have given their time and effort during the authors’ department visits even with their busy tight schedule. The author is very much thankful to the women who had given their time with the author in sharing their bad and good experiences with their treatment journey. The breast services pathway is continually improving and the author concludes that in order to improve the pathway in breast services, it is important thatconsultants, radiographers, breast care nurses, and the rest of the staff who work in the relevant departments in the pathway through the breast services should work hand in hand as a team. Good communication within the team and to the women that belongs in the NHSBSP are key factors to ensure thatgood service is maintained for each individual undergoing breast screening or any examination in relation to breast diseases. References Hawthorn, J. and Redmond, K (1998). Pain: causes and management. Blackwell Sciences Ltd., UK. Breast Cancer Care and Royal College of Nursing (2004). Time to care: maintaining access to breast cancer nurses. [Online]. Available from: http://rcn.org.uk/_data/assets/pdf_file/0008/78641/002494.pdf .[Accessed 18 December 2010] Brown, J. et al. (1996). Mammography screening: an incremental cost effectiveness analysis of double versus single reading of mammograms. March, 312 (7034). [Online]. Available from: http://bmj.com/content/312/7034/809.full. Date accessed: 20 December 2010 NHSBSP (2001). NHSBSP Publication No. 49, NHS Cancer Screening Programmes. [Online]. Available from: http://cancerscreening.nhs.uk/breastscreen/publications/nhsbsp49-1st.pdf. [accessed: 2 January 2011]. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guidelines(2009) Early and Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment. The National Collaborating Centre. [Online]. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG80NICEGuideline.pdf. [Accessed 3 November 2010]. Deane, K A (1997). The Role of the Breast Clinic Nurse. AORN Journal. 66(2): 304-7, pp 304-310. Goyal , A and Mansel, R. (2008). Current opinion in oncology. Recent Advances in Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer. November, 20 (6), pp 621-626. Bassett, L and Hendrick R E. (1994). Quality Determinants of Mammography: Clinical Practice Guidelines. AHCPR Publication. 13. pp 23-24. British Association of Cancer Oncology (2009).Surgical Guidelines for the Management of Breast Cancer. Elsevier Publication. [Online]. Availablefrom: http://www.baso.org.uk/Downloads/YEJSO_2782.pdf .[Accessed: 20 January 2011]. NHSBSP, (2008). Breast screening: a pocket guide. Department of Health Publications. [Online]. Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/breastscreen/publications/nhsbsp-pocket-guide-2008.pdf . [Accessed 26 October 2010]. Bateman, A C. (2006). Womens health medicine. Pathology of Breast Cancer. January, 3 (1), pp 18-21. [Online]. Available from: http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/1744-1870/PIIS1744187006001193.pdf . [Accessed 12 January 2011]. Donnelly, L. (2007). Government pledges to cut radiation therapy wait. The Telegraph. 2 December 2007. [Online]. Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1571199/Government-pledges-to-cut-radiotherapy-wait.html .[Accessed 27 January 2011]. Does breast screening save lives?. [Online]. Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/breastscreen/save-lives.html . [Accessed 29 October 2010]. Going further on cancer waits: the symptomatic breast two week wait standard (2009). [Online]. Available from: http://ncin.org.uk . [Accessed 24 January 2011]. Healthcare services for breast Cancer (2002). Improving Outcomes in Breast Cancer. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. [Online]. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/10887/28766/28766.pdf .[Accessed 3 November 2010]. Breakthrough Breast Cancer. The best treatment. [Online]. Available from: http:// www.breakthrough.org.uk . [Accessed 18 November 2010]. How to cite Critical Study of The NHS breast screening programme, Essay examples

The Myth of the First Amendment free essay sample

This essay strongly suggests that the First Amendment and the concept of freedom of speech are becoming fantasies. The author states that there is no such thing as the freedom of speech even though this statement goes against the very conception of American society. He argues that the concept of freedom of speech is an illusion presented to the people so that the different powers can control their thoughts through media manipulation and other such strategies of control. He concludes that we believe that speech should and must be limited for a greater good or else. When we hear of the plight of the women in Afghanistan, we thank the founders of the constitution for granting us the right to live in the manner that we deem rightwithout government interference. The individual is important to Americans and we are proud of it. We do not have religion in our schools and if some Muslim girl wants to wear a scarf to school, we suggest that she not wear it because she would be promoting her religion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Myth of the First Amendment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If an honors graduate wants to bring God into his or her speech, we protest that an educational forum is being used for religious propagation. We are after all, free, and would not want anything to interfere in this freedom. However, the freedom that we are so arrogantly proud of is a mere illusion and a simple analysis of the society we have today will prove this.

It Governance Danone Essays

It Governance Danone Essays It Governance Danone Essay It Governance Danone Essay DANONE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Analyze DANONE’S corporate governance strategy in the three major areas of â€Å"effective IT governance mechanisms† Mechanisms that facilitate decision making: First of all, Information Technology (IT) governance means the decision rights and accountability framework for encouraging desirable behavior in the use of IT. In recent times, IT governance has become critical for ensuring that IT-related decisions match company-wide objectives; particularly with the development of various tools in the IT area. Good IT governance makes companies more successful by establishing coordinated mechanisms that link objectives to measurable goals. According to the article â€Å"Recipe for Good IT Governance†, there are five types of decisions companies can go through: 1. IT principles decisions dictating the role of IT in the enterprise 2. IT architecture decisions on technical choices and directions 3. IT infrastructure decisions on the delivery of shared IT services 4. Business application requirements decisions for each project 5. IT investment and prioritization decisions Before Analyzing Danone’s corporate governance strategy, one should look on to the â€Å"Effective IT Governance Mechanisms† which are categorized into three areas and scored on a 1 to 5 scale, 1 being highly ineffective and 5 being highly effective: Effective IT Governance Mechanisms To have good governance in terms of information, a company needs to: first, limit the number of decision-making structures and give clear responsibilities for each type of IT decision to individuals who can accept accountability for the outcomes of those decisions. Second, they should create overlapping responsibilities for IT decisions to ensure cross-coordination. Finally, senior management should be involved in major IT decisions since they establish strategic direction and define desirable behavior for the management and use of IT. To look at DANONE as a company, it has a unique way of operation, which gives the organization its value, separated from other globally operating companies and it can be largely characterized as openness, idea-sharing, and team spirit, with a goal to maximize employee involvement. It also operates in regional levels along with product categories, in contrast to other global companies which usually have very structured centralized systems. Managerial community and PO (People and Organization) are two models that show the uniqueness of DANONE’s operation and enable the company to work in a much decentralized manner, easily interacting with diverse departments of the network system. By having the flexible, decentralized system, the company becomes able to adapt to local changes-surrounding environments. DANONE has also introduced web 2. 0 to accelerate decision-making. Web 2. refers to web applications which facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web and in the case of DANONE it includes blogs, video chat and wiki. Finally, the company has a â€Å"Biological company model†. It emphasizes innovation and thus includes frequent workshops. The company also implemented tools such as SAP and ERP which stands for Systems Applications and Products, and Enterprise Resource Planning respectively. To emphasize the ‘network’ they also have a ‘market place’ which is a management tool for sharing and exchanging ideas.

Where Whales Have Hair and How Its Used

Where Whales Have Hair and How It's Used Whales are mammals, and one of the characteristics common to all mammals is the presence of hair. We all know that whales arent furry creatures, so where do whales have hair? Whales Do Have Hair While its not immediately obvious, whales do have hair.  There are over 80 species of whales, and hair is only visible in some of these species. In some adult whales, you cant see hair at all, as some species only have hair when they are fetuses in the womb. Where Is Hair in Whales? First, lets look at baleen whales. Most of the baleen  whales have hair follicles if not visible hair. The location of the hair follicles is similar to the whiskers in terrestrial mammals. They are found along the jawline on the upper and lower jaw, on the chin, along the midline on top of the head, and sometimes along the blowhole. Baleen whales known to have hair follicles as adults include  humpback, fin, sei,  right,  and  bowhead  whales. Depending on the species, the whale may have 30 to 100 hairs, and there are usually more on the upper jaw than the lower jaw.   Of these species, the hair follicles are probably most visible in the humpback whale, which  has golf ball-sized bumps on its head, called tubercles, which house the hairs. Within each of these bumps, called tubercles, there is a hair follicle. The toothed whales, or odontocetes, are a different story. Most of these whales lose their hair shortly after birth. Before theyre born, they have some hairs on the sides of their rostrum or snout. One species, though, has visible hairs as an adult. This is the  Amazon river dolphin or boto, which has stiff hairs on its beak. These hairs are thought to add to the botos ability to find food on muddy lake and river bottoms. If you want to get technical, this whale doesnt quite count as marine life, as it lives in fresh water. Hairlike Baleen Baleen whales  also have hairlike structures in their mouth called baleen, which is made of keratin, a protein that is also found in hair and nails. How Is the Hair Used? Whales have blubber to keep them warm, so they dont need fur coats. Having hairless bodies also helps whales release heat more easily into the water when they need to. So, why do they need hair? Scientists have several theories on the purpose of the hair. Since there are lots of nerves in and around the hair follicles, they are likely used to sense something. What that is, we dont know. Perhaps they can use them to sense prey - some scientists have suggested that prey may brush against the hairs, and allow the whale to determine when it has found a high enough prey density to begin feeding (if enough fish bump against the hairs it must be time to open up and eat). Some think that the hairs may be used to detect changes in water currents or turbulence. It is also thought that the hairs may have a social function, perhaps being used in social situations, by calves communicating a need to nurse, or perhaps in sexual situations. Sources Goldbogen, J.A., Calambokidis, J., Croll, D.A., Harvey, J.T., Newton, K.M., Oleson, E.M., Schorr, G., and R.E. Shadwick. 2008. Foraging behavior of humpback whales: kinematic and respiratory patterns suggest a high cost for a lunge. J Exp Biol 211, 3712-3719.Mead, J.G. and J.P. Gold. 2002. Whales and Dolphins in Question. Smithsonian Institution Press. 200pp.Mercado, E. 2014. Tubercles: What Sense Is There? Aquatic Mammals (Online).Reidenberg, J.S. and J.T. Laitman. 2002. Prenatal Development in Cetaceans.  In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. 1414pp.Yochem, P.K. and B.S. Stewart. 2002. Hair and Fur.  In  Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. 1414pp.

Battle of the 73 Easting Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Battle of the 73 Easting - Thesis Example The 2ACD and 1ID of the US Army utilized advanced technology and superior military strategy to launch an intensive sustained surprise attack which destroyed the Tawakalna forces. This paper examines the main battles fought by the two US divisions that broke through the central lines of the Tawakalna force and the events that occurred in the two-day duration of the battle. The US-led Coalition Force victory over the elite Iraqi Republican Guard unit, Tawkalna division at 73 Easting is the most decisive ground combat that weakened the Iraqi military and gave way for the destruction of the other Iraqi Republican Guard units which ended the Gulf War (Borque 2). The Coalition victory in the 73 Easting battle is attributed to the superiority of the Coalition military forces, strong and decisive leadership and the utilization of a good battle plan. The victory of the Battle of 73 Easting is the result of the optimum combination of several Army Doctrines (Atkinson 9). First of all, the posse ssion of modern equipment and technology is important in battles. Secondly, a superior military strategy, audacity, effective communication and co-ordination can help defeat the most resolute and bravest army. Surprise, followed by intensive assault is an important tool to destabilize the enemy and prevent them from gaining their tempo and ensure their defeat. Finally, there is the need to use specialized units to execute specific tasks in order to gain military success. The Battle of 73 Easting culminated from the need to destroy and weaken the Iraqi Republican Guard (IRP), which had been a tool used by Saddam Hussein to destabilize international peace by invading Kuwait (Atkinson 2). The battle started on the 26th through to the 27th of February, 1991 at a barren desert just 25 kilometers off the Kuwaiti-Iraqi border. The 7th Corps of the US Army played major role in the Battle of 73 Easting under the command of Lieutenant General Fredrick Franks Jr (McGregor 2). General H. Norman Schwarzkopf held the Central Command of the operation (McGregor 2) . Jointly, the 2nd Armored Cavalry Division of the 7th Corps was the main unit of ground troops that was tasked with facing the Tawakalna central position in the 73 Easting Battle. They were ably supported by the 1st Infantry Division. A total of 4,500 troops made up the core of the 2ACD. However, for the purpose of the battle, 5,500 more troops joined the 2ACD in its three squadrons (Daily 52). Each squadron was equipped with a tank company, howitzer batteries, headquarters troops and three cavalry troops (MacMaster 1). Each troop cavalry had 120 soldiers, nine armored battle tanks and 12 bradley fighting vehicles (Daily 52). The British 1st Armoured Division in the south and the 3rd American Armored Division in the north supported the 2AD in the operation (Donaldson 182). The plan was to encircle the Tawakalna stronghold and meet the 2ACD and 1ID to cut off the Tawakalna stronghold. There is no report of the comma nder of the Tawakalna forces in the war (Adrian 362). It is logically inferred that it reported directly to and took orders from Saddam Hussein. In events leading to the battle, the Iraqi government, in defiance of international law had invaded Kuwait claiming it as an Iraqi territory (Musallam 1). The Tawakalna Division of the IRP was a significant elite unit that played a central role in the invasion and maintenance of Iraqi military presence in Kuwait (Adrian 362). The

Strategy and Corporate Planning PowerGen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategy and Corporate Planning PowerGen - Essay Example The report starts with analyzing the effect of the organizational change on corporate planning. It is found that PowerGen reorganized itself three times between 1990 and 1998. The changes in the organizational structure had to be supported with effective corporate plans which specified the roles and responsibilities of each function. Initially, PowerGen had a centralized structure which underwent a complete transformation to a decentralized operation with unit managers at each business level being given wider responsibilities. The next section tries to analyze the core competencies and capabilities which have helped PowerGen to maintain its market share. It has been found that PowerGen’s focus was to supply electricity at a low cost. It formed an effective supply chain across various geographical locations and by partnering with various companies which helped it to produce electricity at low cost. This section also analyzes the core competencies and capabilities of two other major players in the industry which are EDF and E.ON. The last section deals with understanding the effect of privatization and deregulation and PowerGen’s merger with Midland electricity which was a major strategic move and helped PowerGen immensely to stay ahead of the competition. The report ends with an analysis of the centralized system of planning adopted by CEGB in the context of Hofstede’s article titled â€Å"Cultural constraints in management theories†. It shows the importance of cultural aspects while dealing with employees. The end product of electricity industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The spiraling demand for energy is expected to rise considerably till 2030. The total value of the electricity market comprises of the total electricity sold to commercial, industrial, residential and other users. In 2007, the total value of the market increased by 14.5%.

History and Hypothesis of Stonehenge and Easter Island

History and Hypothesis of Stonehenge and Easter Island Stonehenge is a set of earthworks and an ancient monument located in Wiltshire, England. It is considered the most famous and visited site in the world and is one of the mysteries in the world which has never been revealed. However, many people have created numerous myths and fables to explain mysteries behind it. Despite the numerous myths and fables, there has been limited information regarding Stonehenges creation/development. Most researchers and theorists refer to it as a stone monument, a giant or ancient megalith. Archeologist Mike Parker Pearson has proposed a number of hypothesis regarding Stonehenge and its surrounding. He indicated that Stonehenge was used as a burial ground from historical beginnings. In other words, Stonehenge represented a place of the dead. The cremated remains found at the site acted as evidence and they indicated that burials took place at the site as early as 3000 BC (Gargen 112). Mike Pearson further indicated that the placement of artifacts and graves around Stonehenge provided good evidence that the site was reserved as a domain of the dead. New radiocarbon dates of human remains dug from the ancient Stonehenge in Southwest England indicate that the monument was used as a cemetery. Initially, archeologists had believed that Stonehenge had acted as burial grounds as early as 2700 and 2600 BC (Gargen 114). People buried at Stonehenge were believed to have been the elite of the surrounding society; an early royal British dynasty. This hypothesis appears to be scientific due to the evidence provided by new radio carbon dates of human remains found in the monument. Parker Pearson also held the hypotheses that Stonehenge was a centre for ancestor worship that was connected by River Avon and two other ceremonial avenues to a matching wooden circle near Durrington Walls. The reason as to why he held the hypotheses is due to the large settlements of houses found nearby Stonehenge. This reinforced his belief that both the settlement and Stonehenge created a part of a large ancient ceremonial complex. He went ahead and indicated that the two circles with permanent and temporary structures made a clear representation of the living and the dead domains respectively. He also pointed out that the orientation of the stone circle pointed to sunrise and sunset on key seasonal dates which clearly indicated it was a place of ceremony. On his hypotheses, Mike Pearson stated that Stonehenge was not a monument in isolation; rather it was actually one of a pair implying that it was made of both stone and timber. The theory behind this is that Stonehenge is a type of spirit home to the ancestors. This hypothesis appears to be pseudo-scientific since there is no scientific evidence behind it. Reference Gargen, Josphath. Theories behind Stonehenge. 2nd ed. New York: New York Press, 2003. 2 B) Describe the basic cultural features and evolution of the Mound building Cultures of Eastern North America (and especially distinguishing between the Woodland and Mississippian Cultures), and explain why they were attributed to a lost race by nineteenth century scholars. It is believed that mould builders were greatly involved in building of earth works as well as mounds. The ceremonial and burial structures were characteristically flat topped pyramids or flat topped cones and at some times a variety of other forms. Some mounds took after unusual shapes such as the sketch of cosmologically significant animals and were branded effigy mounds name. Monks mound is one of the best known flat topped pyramidal earthen ware at Cahokia, while Serpent mound found in southern Ohio is 5 feet tall, 1330 feet long and 20 feet wide takes the shape of a serpent (Ian 86). The mound builders included numerous different tribal groups and chiefdoms that held unto a bewildering collection of beliefs and exclusive cultures which were united together by the shared architectural practice of mound construction. The initial mould building was an early marker of just beginning political and social complexity among the cultures in the Eastern United States. Woodlands culture: a prehistoric culture of eastern North America dates back in the 1st century. It is used to refer to Native American societies staying in eastern United States. Adena and Hopewell were the earliest woodland groups who inhabited Mississippi river valleys and Ohio between 800 BC and 800 AD. Adena and Hopewell are commonly known for their massive burial mounds, often modified with finely crafted grave items. Initially, Adena were hunters and gatherers while Hopewell lived in villages. The Mississippian culture was developed around 700 A.D. It was developed by a population of farmers who practiced agricultural farming and planted crops such as corns, beans and squash. They also engaged in a day to day hunting. Mississippian culture was initially a mound building Native American culture. However, from approximately 800 CE to 1500 CE, it greatly flourished in what is commonly known as Eastern, Midwestern and Southeastern United States (Ian 76). Mississippian culture is considered different from the woodland culture on the basis that the Mississippian mounds appear to be rectangular or square, large, flat topped, mesa like platforms on which temples or houses were built. On the other hand, the woodland mounds are conical, earthen structures covering burials in which marvelously carved stone pipes and mica cutouts that are found along with skeletal remains. In addition, burial mounds were dominant during the woodland period (100 B.C. to 400 A.D.), while temple mounds predominated during the Mississippian period (1000 AD). Both Mississippian and woodland cultures were attributed to as a lost race by the 19th century scholars due to the fact that the new euro-American settlers were not willing to accept the fact that the mounds had been built by the Native American People. They were therefore displacing and destroying most of the mounds so as to plow away evidence. Consequently, the cultures came along as a lost race in America. Reference Ian, Bridgeston. The Mould Building Cultures. California: Anvil Press, 2000. 3B) Describe the history of Easter Island as it has been reconstructed by archaeologists; is this history a useful metaphor for the Earth? Is it similar or different from what happened in to other civilizations, and what can be learned from studying it? Easter Island, also known as Rapa Nui is one of the worlds famous but least visited archeological sites located in the Pacific Ocean. The island is mostly famous due to its 887 existing monumental statues (moai) which were created by Rapanui people. It is a tiny, currently treeless, hilly Island of volcanic nature; rising over 10,00ft from the floor of Pacific Ocean. Peterson (23), states that Easter Island is among the youngest inhabited territories in the world, and a larger part of its history is that it was one of the most isolated inhabited territory. Easter Island was discovered three hundred years ago by European explorers amidst the large space in South Pacific Ocean. Dutch explorer, Jacob Roggeveen rediscovered it on Easter day in 1722, hence the acquisition of its name; Easter Island. During that time, the Island was inhabited by a populace of Polynesian origin who had arrived from Marquesas Islands many centuries earlier. This has been proven by the DNA extracts that were collected from the location. It is also believed that the inhabitants had come in with various plants, foods, tools and animals such as bananas, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, pigs, and chickens among others so as to start a new life. Archeologists hold that there were three cultures which lived on Easter Island around 400 AD. During this time, the island was inhabited by people who specialized in making small stone statues. After some time, another civilization broke down the statues and greatly used them to construct long temple platforms known as ahus. They also carved 600 plus enormous stone busts taking the form of human beings and placed them on the ahus. It is believed that approximately 15 statues are still held by some ahus. Archeological evidence indicates a fast destruction of the forests within a few centuries after the arrival of human beings. This played a major role in the reduction of forests and plantation in the island. The society played a role in the reduction of forests and plantations since they cleared land to plant grasses, cut down trees to construct canoes, they had also come in with rats which devoured the seeds. By the end of fifteenth century, the entire forest had disappeared, the fruits had died out and tree species were extinct. The extermination of the animals in the Island was as thorough as that of the forest. All species of native land birds became extinct and the shellfish were exploited. This led to the collapse of Easter Islands society. The history of Easter Island is a useful metaphor of the planet earth. The lesson obtained from Easter Island was that inequality and scarcity of crucial resources played a great role in occurrence of genocide. Consequently, a social collapse of the society living in the island took place. David (43), states that during the 7th century, around 50 people arrived on Easter Island and increased to more than 70,000 by 17th century. Reference David, Myer. The history of Easter Island. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Press. 4) Stonehenge as an ancient centre of healing This appears to be an interesting topic since Stonehenge is commonly known as a burial site among the archeologists. However, Tim Darvil and Geoff Wainwright have come up with the evidence that the monument acted as a centre of healing. Margaret (57), states that massive numbers of Britons flocked at the sight with the aim of curing their diseases and healing present injuries. Many inhabitants believed that the stone found at the site had magical and healing qualities which greatly attracted numerous pilgrims to the site. A mans Remains at approximately five miles from Stonehenge were discovered by the two archeologists. The remains collected indicated that the man had a knee cap infection and a severe tooth eruption. This was therefore used as strong evidence by the two archeologists and they came up with the theory that the man may have died on his way to the healing grounds (Stonehenge). In addition, a skeleton analysis which was found three miles from the monument indicated that the man had travelled a long distance and was suffering from a potentially deadly dental disease. It was therefore concluded that he had travelled that long distance as a way of searching for the stones associated with the healing power. Most archeologists remain adamant that the site and the surrounding area were majorly used as a burial ground. To back their healing hypothesis, Darvill and Wainwright studied the blue stones found at the site and which were believed to have been there since 2400 BC and 2200 BC. Having studied 14 samples of organic material such as the bone in the trench and carbonized plant remains, they indicated that it was good evidence that the grounds provided excellent healing grounds to the community. The blue stone study undermines the main theory suggested by Mike Parker Pearson that the monument acted primarily as burial grounds and ancestral site where people held ceremonies and offered sacrifices to the ancestors. Other significant discoveries from the dig have been made at the monument.   A series of small stones broken down from the larger standing ones were discovered and the archeologists believed that the stones were used as lucky charms. This provided the evidence that the ancient people believed in the healing properties of the stones. The archeologists also believed that the blue stones had numerous healing properties since there were a number of sacred springs in Preseli which were considered to have health giving qualities. The two archeologists also quoted the 12th century Monk indicating that the stones were thought to have medicinal property. The evidence uncovered by their digs portrayed that people were chipping and moving off pieces of the bluestones through the roman era through the middle ages. In relation to the discoveries made concerning Stonehenge, it can be concluded that Stonehenge is a popular and powerful place of pilgrimage. However, there is no support that the monuments healing power really worked. Reference Margaret, Katherine. The mystery behind Stonehenge. Harvard: Harvard Press, 2002.

Arguments for and Against Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

â€Å"A business’s obligation to follow goals that are good for both organization and society in the long-term, and are not required by law.† Corporate Social Responsibility The term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† came in to common use in the early 1970s. It means the duty of an organization towards society in order to prove itself responsible about its actions and their effects on environment, community and external stakeholders. It means that an organization is responsible for all its action towards the people who are affected by its actions and processes. Therefore, corporate social responsibility can be defined as: â€Å"Operating a business in a manner that meets or exceeds the ethical, legal, commercial and public expectations that society has of business.† The Socioeconomic View The Socioeconomic view stated that it is the responsibility of managers and all organization s to take care of public interests as well as their profits. Each organization should be responsible for all its actions which may harm or benefit community and should take actions to stop any malpractices in its operations, finance, marketing and human resource departments. Business organizations should not only act for their own profit but also for the welfare of community. They should take an active part in happenings in the society and should perform such actions which can improve the political, economical, social and environmental conditions of the society. In short, corporate social responsibility makes an organization to play its role in the improvement and welfare of society. Arguments For and Against Corporate Social Responsibility According to Classical view of social responsibility of an organization, the management and managers of an organization are responsible for maximizing organizational profits only. It is not their duty to take care of public interest. The only purpose of establishing a business is to generate profits and therefore, he only duty of managers is to maximize profits and reduce costs of doing business. Given are some of the arguments for and against corporate social responsibility: 1-Corporations as Moral Agents Business organizations are an important part of any society and play an important role in determining the economic and social condition of any society. As organizations are considered as one of the major factors affecting economy of a country, they should be responsible of what they are giving to the society. They generate profits by selling their products and services to customers and, therefore, should be responsible for any good or bad effects of their actions and products on consumers. On the other hand, the proponents of this view state that organizations should be responsible only for generating profits. As the owners or investors are also a part of community, the organization performs its duty by maximizing the wealth of their shareholders. The sole purpose of an organization is not to serve society by getting involved in welfare activities. The organization serves the community by making products and rendering services. Therefore, there is no other duty of an organization towards society. 2-Social Responsibility and Economic Performance The advocates of corporate social responsibility state that by getting involved in community services, an organization gets a chance to improve its revenues. The social welfare activities improve the good will of the organization and make its corporate image better than its competitors. Customers prefer to buy products and services from an organization which proves it to be socially responsible. Those who say that organization should not be socially responsible state that such activities increase the cost of doing business. As one of the major goals of a business is to reduce the costs, such practices are in opposition with benefit of business owners. For example, investing in a production plant which emits less carbon to the environment needs higher expenses as compared to the normal, cheap plant but is dangerous for environment is a question for managers. 3-Social Responsibility and Ethics Organizations should not be involved in any kind of practices which may give rise to the feeling of inequity and unfair actions in society. Discrimination based on gender, race and nationality is one major action which is considered as the social responsibility of organizations. When giving promotions to employees, every person should be given an equal chance to advance in the career and should be treated fairly. The proponents of corporate social responsibility also admit the fact that the organizational practices should be ethical in nature but to a limited extent. The practices should not harm anyone but should place organizational interest before the community interest. 4-Social Responsibility and Environment A corporation must produce goods and services that are beneficial to society while making sure that the processes of production also avoid damage, such as pollution. The initiatives such as green management and environment friendly products make it clear that customers want to purchase the products which are safe for them and do not damage environment. They also prefer those organizations which prove that they are not damaging the natural environment of earth in any case. On the other hand, the proponents of the view state that saving environment may increase the cost of their business and will make the organization less efficient in a number of its practices. They put the question of buying one kind of machinery over the other which is environment friendly but incurs huge costs. Conclusion  In order to get better financial performance and good will, it’s better for an organization to realize its corporate social responsibility and manage all its operations in an ethical way. Only an improved society can lead to an improved business which is in favor of both internal and external stakeholders of an organization. More and more organizations are taking serious steps to get involved in socially responsible actions and consider it profitable in the long as well as short run.

Health Insurance and the Need for Reform Essay - 958 Words

Insurance is a mess of mazes that leads to one outcome: one only reaps what one sows. The sowing involves lifetimes of work; hours tick away, and workers clock-in and clock-out. Near the big golden moment of retirement, some stress about their comfort in old age. It is the dream of many to find a pillow after slaving away, but for some, it is a time of discernment. Those who did not work need a cushion just as well. Maybe their children, grown and employed, could return the care they once received. Insurance is as ancient as Babylon. The first policy dates back to 2100 B.C.; specifically, it is the Code of Hammurabi. A loan from a trader made certain his valuable cargo traveled safe from the harm of thieves or storms (Marples). The†¦show more content†¦The company can then cover all members; they use the money like a shared pot in poker to pay for each insurance member’s needs. Her premium cost rises as the company’s population of members grows (Cleland). With no dependents to claim, a city employee has $469.40 of coverage paid for by the city. The premium for an employee to insure a spouse is $938.80 under the Association of Washington Cities (AWC). The senior interviewed stated she had tapped into her Social Security through Medicare under Part B and Part D. The first calls for an approximate payment of $93 from Social Security to Medicare in order to cover procedures concerning health. The second plan covers any medications she needs. An example of a procedure was her latest CAT scan; the total costs amounted to just over $5,000. Medicare paid for 96.6% of the bill. The remainder was paid by Medigap, a plan covered by her premium (Cleland). Since the price Social Security pays to insure a senior is $197, claiming a senior relative would be cheaper than claiming a spouse, so the city can afford it. The medications and procedures would still be covered. These particular plans of coverage have a very low bill for medications. 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My Personal Statement On Facebook - 923 Words

On my facebook friends list, I have realized that I am allowing people to see my personal life although I might not know them. When I saw this at first I asked myself why I had allowed my page to look like it did and not care about who I was allowing to be placed onto it. As I went through my friends list I began to realize that some of the people I dont even know and thats a scary thing when you think about the fact that you are putting pictures on there of you and your friends and tagging the location. So I then challenged myself to go through my list and clean it out and ill be the first to say that this was a long list and that I didnt know a lot of the people. Although I have all allowed them on there some of them are only people that I recognize, some I know from a place I met them, and some I wonder why I allowed them on there with the things they say online. Some people that I add on facebook are people that I recognize but dont know who they are face to face. 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